The Turkish alphabet has 8 vowels 
(A E I İ O Ö U Ü ) and 21 consonants. The letters Q, W and X do not exist in Turkish. It is easy to pronounce  or  spell any word one hears, if you get familiar to type pronunciation values of some letters. The letters below are the ones with different spelling with their explanations:

LETTERS AND PRONUNCIATION

ç=ch   (as in chocolate)

ğ = (soft g) Never appears as the first letter in a word; essentially silent; sometimes lengthens preceding vowel; sometimes pronounced like "y" in "yet"    (diğer=other   pronounced as "diyer"   )

I (undotted i) = between i and e   (as in "cotton")

Ö= oe   (as in "bird")

ş= ( dotted s)= sh    (as in "she")

ü= (as in French "tu"  or in German "für")

a = "a" (as in "card" or "dark"), never as "a" in"cat" or "back" ( kan = blood )

c = J (as in "judge"   or "John") 

e=e (as in "bed")

g = g (as in "get")

i( dotted "i" ) =i (as in "sit")

o=o (as in "bold")

s=s (as in "sing"), never pronounced like a "z" as the "s" in "his"

u =oo (as in "good")

EVERYDAY CONVERSATION AND USEFUL PHRASES